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Editor’s note: This piece is a follow-up to a pair of 2012 Tribune stories on the fight for life by Broxton Taylor of Gilbert, who died in April 2012 of complications from Batten Disease. Find those stories at evtnow.com/run4broxton and evtnow.com/broxtonlegacy. The second “Run for Broxton” fundraising event is scheduled for Sunday. For more details, visit runforbroxton.com. A longer version of this piece -- the author's original scientific journal article -- can be found at the link below.
Having a child reach toddler age involves many exciting new questions and avenues for parents: What should my child eat? What books should I read to my child? What activities should I start involving him or her in? How should I socially interact my child?
The sun is shining, the wind is blowing, and spring is here. If you like to sleep with your windows open this time of year, you might notice an “added attraction” in Gilbert. Union Pacific loves to send their little choo choos through town at all hours of the day and night. For the past two years, I’ve been involved in a campaign to silence the train horns. No luck so far in Gilbert, although I know that both Tempe and Chandler established quiet zones at several crossings last year. A horn is posted at the crossing only, rather than the train blowing away (three short, one long, per crossing) starting a half-mile down the track. Not an issue? It does have an impact on the quality of life in Gilbert, and has an economic impact on residential property values. Perhaps this will be the year that Gilbert can move out of the stone age and plan for the future. We leave the more advanced projects, like light rail, to progressive cities like Mesa.
The sound of train horns — considered nostalgic by some but an irritant to others — will mostly be a thing of the past north of Broadway Road in Tempe starting Jan. 25. That’s when a so-called quiet zone will go into effect for trains on the Union Pacific Railroad line. In the zone, conductors are prohibited from using the horn except for safety concerns such as pedestrians, bicyclists or motorists getting too close to the tracks.
This may be nothing new to political consultants, but neuroscientists seem to be catching up with the notion that the partisan loyalties of hearts and minds are at least in part dictated by how big, and how active, certain structures of the brain are.
The latest study to support this was published online by the journal Current Biology on April 7, and based on brain imaging of 90 student volunteers (55 of them women) at University College London.
After establishing their political orientation -- very liberal to very conservative on a four-point scale -- through a standard survey of each student, the researchers zeroed in on images of several brain regions thought to guide political leaning.
Lead author Ryota Kanai said the study built on an earlier study by colleagues at UCL who did imaging studies on two members of Parliament and a small number of students, and found differences in the size of two key areas.
In both cases, the researchers found that those holding conservative views tend to have larger amygdale, the almond-shaped organ in the center of the brain that's linked to fear, anxiety and emotion; and a smaller-than-average anterior cingulate, a region of the brain linked to sorting through conflicting information and maintaining a more optimistic outlook. The opposite was true for subjects identified as liberal.
Many psychological reports published over the years have also shown conservatives to be more sensitive to threats in the face of uncertainty, while liberals tend to be more open to new experiences.
Kanai said that while the studies "link such personality traits with specific brain structure,'' they don't take into account other factors or prove that individuals are born with certain brain regions larger or smaller, or that the size adjusts going into adulthood based on life experiences.
"It's very unlikely that actual political orientation is directly encoded into these brain regions, '' Kanai said.
Researchers at Emory University saw things a bit differently as they imaged the brains of avowed hard-core Republicans and Democrats -- 30 each -- during the 2004 presidential campaign. Participants were imaged as they assessed statements in which both candidates had clearly contradicted themselves.
The results, presented at a 2006 conference, showed that the one brain area most associated with reasoning remained stagnant during this process. What they did see light up -- in both groups -- was that anterior cingulate region involved in conflict resolution, but also the orbital frontal cortex, involved in processing emotions, and the posterior cingulate, which is involved in making moral judgments.
Lead author Drew Western figures all those parts of the brain work together to resolve the contradictory comments from the candidate they already favor, while remaining critical of the other guy. And once they had reached conclusions that suited their beliefs, another region of the brain tied to reward and pleasure lit up.
Western, who has written extensively about how our minds sort through facts to reach a desired conclusion, noted that the process is hardly unique to politics, but goes on in many areas of our lives.
Another Emory study, put online April 6 by the Public Library of Science, deals with how we show empathy to those in and out of our social group. Except this time, the model was not conservatives or liberals, but chimpanzees, which were sharing yawns rather than political statements, however related they may be.
Scientists already knew that, along with humans, chimps are the species most likely to pass the inclination to yawn from one to another.
But psychologists at Emory found that, among chimps, yawns are not universal signs of fatigue or boredom, but rather an expression of social connectedness and empathy within a group.
Their study involved 23 adult chimps housed in two separate groups at Emory's Yerkes Primate Research Center. The researchers showed nine-second video clips of other chimps, from both groups, either yawning or doing something else.
Chimps were 50 percent more likely to break into a yawn after watching another member of their clan yawn than when they watched a member of the other group.
The researchers say it's not clear that chimp and human behavior with yawns would be equally exclusive, since chimps naturally live in small social groups, while most humans interact and have varying relationships with far more people.
Other experiments, such as those dealing with seeing someone feeling pain, show humans have more empathy toward members of the same social group than strangers.
Lawyers can make their clients' files available to them on the World Wide Web - but only if they take proper safety precautions, the Ethics Committee of the State Bar of Arizona has concluded.
Lawyers can make their clients’ files available to them on the World Wide Web — but only if they take proper safety precautions, the Ethics Committee of the State Bar of Arizona has concluded.
Four East Valley men accused of spending more than $1 million using stolen credit cards are being held in a Maricopa County jail after a grand jury charged them with fraud-related offenses.
Q. I have all of my music stored in iTunes on my PC. As you know, they are in the form of (AACs). If I want to burn anything onto compact disc, do I have to convert each music file into an MP3 first? If so, is there an easier and quicker way than converting them file by file? - Bill
Feb. 19, 2008, was supposed to be a watershed day in the history of home entertainment.
TUCSON - Anyone thinking of swiping a stately saguaro cactus from the desert could soon be hauling off more than just a giant plant.
Q: What is Silverlight, and do I need it? - Glen
WASHINGTON - Thirty-eight people were charged Monday with stealing names, Social Security numbers, credit card data and other personal information from unsuspecting Internet users as part of a global crime ring.
SAN FRANCISCO - Most people gave up on their vinyl music collection two decades ago, when compact discs all but nudged LPs off store shelves for good. If you held onto any favorites, DJ equipment maker Numark Inc. is looking to breathe new life into them with a USB-equipped turntable.
Gov. Janet Napolitano signed a deal Thursday with federal officials to create a new “technologically enhanced’’ state driver license.
NEW YORK - Microsoft Corp. and its hardware partners are trying to bridge the divide between home computers and TV sets this holiday season with the release of several "media extenders."
Digital Rights Management. If you buy digital downloads, you’ve probably encountered it. And there’s a good chance that you’ve been very aggravated by it.
That information encoded on your driver’s license would get a little more privacy protection under terms of legislation approved Wednesday by the House.
SEATTLE - Microsoft Corp. must pay $1.52 billion in damages to telecommunications equipment maker Alcatel-Lucent SA for violating two patents related to digital music, a federal jury ruled Thursday.
High Definition TV is any screen with 720 pixels or more from top to bottom, according to the Consumer Electronics Association. HDTV gives the viewer a sharper image, but with an array of competing initials such DLP, LCD, PDP and LCoS the picture can get pretty fuzzy for a consumer searching for the right TV.
It’s the next-to-last day of Mesa’s 14-week firefighter academy, and a roomful of men in rookie red T-shirts watch instructor Fred King as he explains what, many say, is the most harrowing part of a dangerous job.
It’s the next-to-last day of Mesa’s 14-week firefighter academy, and a roomful of men in rookie red T-shirts watch instructor Fred King as he explains what, many say, is the most harrowing part of a dangerous job.
BOSTON - In an effort to boost the level of data security on portable computers, cell phones and other gadgets, IBM Corp. is unveiling a method for injecting encryption capabilities into the heart of the machines' circuitry.
HANOVER, Germany - Companies like Lucent and Nokia announced new deals to build infrastructure and make mobile phone service faster as providers such as Virgin, T-Mobile and others strive to make TV viewing on tiny cell phones easier and cheaper.
NEW YORK - Even as the U.S. government is embroiled in a debate over the legality of wiretapping, the fastestgrowing technology for Internet calls appears to have the potential to make eavesdropping a thing of the past.
By Mark Scarp, contributing columnist
By Jerry Brown, contributing columnist
Guest Commentary by Bill Richardson
Guest Commentary by Shawn Thiele
By Mark Heller, Tribune
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